Identify the amount, time period and interest model
An interest calculator needs a stated time period and model. The rate relates interest to the principal over that period. A rate without its time period is incomplete: 5% per year and 5% per month describe different costs or growth.
Principal is the starting amount. Interest is the additional amount charged or earned under the stated calculation. To interpret a rate, check whether the calculation uses a fixed principal, a changing balance or interest added back to the balance.
The mobile app includes an interest rate tool with Premium. Follow the labels and instructions inside that tool. The mathematical examples below show why the interest model matters.
How to calculate interest with a simple model
For simple interest, I = P × r × t, where I is interest, P is principal, r is the annual rate as a decimal and t is time in years. Rearranging gives r = I ÷ (P × t).
If a fixed principal of 1,000 earns 100 over two years under a simple interest agreement, r = 100 ÷ (1,000 × 2) = 0.05, or 5% per year. This assumes no compounding, contributions, withdrawals or fees.
A one-year increase from 1,000 to 1,050 is also 5% growth. Over several years, total growth and annual rate differ. Under annual compounding, a balance growing from 1,000 to 1,102.50 over two years corresponds to 5% per year in that model.
Interest rate, APR and APY
Banks may quote different types of rates for borrowing and savings accounts. In US lending, APR incorporates the interest rate and certain additional loan charges. APY expresses an annual yield that reflects compounding. Compare rates stated on the same basis and read the product terms.
The CFPB’s interest rate and APR explanation describes why a mortgage’s APR can differ from its interest rate. Its annual percentage yield definition explains the role of compounding. Check which costs and compounding assumptions are included in any rate you compare.
Use the compound interest explanation for interest added to the balance. For a standard repayment example, see the mortgage page. To compare two known amounts without interpreting the result as an interest rate, use the free percentage change calculator.